Visit lean management is a management method that is becoming increasingly popular in modern companies, as it delivers concrete results while fostering a collaborative and participative corporate culture. In this article, we'll take a look at the basic principles of lean management and how they can help companies grow sustainably while improving their relationship with their customers.
The origins of lean management
The corporate world has long been marked by the Taylorist approach to management, which aimed to maximize productivity at all costs, without regard for the well-being of workers. But with the advent of lean management, things have changed for the better.
Lean management has its roots in Toyota Production System (TPS)developed in Japan in the 1940s and 1950s. TPS was born of Toyota's desire to improve the efficiency and quality of its production processes, while eliminating waste and encouraging operator involvement.
Lean management makes it possible to reduce costs and optimize production processes without sacrificing quality of work or worker safety. This approach enables companies to be more competitive while preserving their human capital, which is an undeniable advantage in the long term.
TPS was transcribed into "lean" in 1968, thanks to the publication in the United States of an article entitled "Â Triumph of the Lean Production System"Â by John Krafcik, as part of his master's thesis presented at the MIT Sloan School of Management. This article and its associated research formed the basis of the best-selling book "Â The Machine That Changed the World" .
Since the 1990s, lean management has spread to all sectors, first in the automotive industry, then in the aeronautics industry, and today in services, banking and engineering. This management method has evolved to adapt to different business realities, but it remains founded on the basic principles of TPS, which are as relevant today as ever.
Quality control
Quality control is an essential aspect of lean management. This management method aims to guarantee the quality of the products and services offered by the company, by eliminating defects and reducing scrap and rework.
Externally, quality control means ensuring that customers find no defects in the products or services offered by the company. This guarantees customer satisfaction and maintains the company's good reputation.
Internally, quality control means fewer rejects and rework, which in turn minimizes costs and optimizes production processes.
To achieve this objective, lean management uses several tools, such as non-quality measurement, self-control, poka-yoke, PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) or DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control), and SPC (Statistical Process Control).
- Measuring non-quality quantifies the costs associated with defects and non-conformances, enabling problems to be identified and appropriate solutions to be implemented.
- Self-control allows operators to check the quality of their work themselves, reducing errors and defects as soon as they appear.
- Poka-yoke are safety and control devices that prevent errors from occurring or detect them early, thus avoiding defects and non-conformities.
- PDCA or DMAIC PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act) or DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control). PDCA consists of four steps: plan, do, check, act. This method identifies problems, analyzes causes, proposes solutions and verifies their effectiveness. DMAIC, on the other hand, consists of five steps: define, measure, analyze, improve, control.
- Finally, SPC is a statistical control tool for monitoring the quality of production processes and rapidly detecting variations that could lead to defects. SPC uses statistical techniques to measure process variability and detect deviations from specifications.
Quality control is a crucial aspect of lean management, ensuring customer satisfaction, reducing costs and optimizing production processes. By using the right tools, companies can continually improve the quality of their work and their competitiveness in the marketplace.
Eliminating waste
At the heart of the Lean philosophy is the principle of eliminating waste. This approach aims to optimize processes by eliminating anything that doesn't add value. To achieve this, Lean Management identifies seven types of waste, often represented in the form of a wheel: rejects/rework, unnecessary operations, product transport, unnecessary movements, inventory, overproduction and waiting, not forgetting the under-utilization of skills and talents.
- Scrap/Retouches
Rejects and rework are a major source of waste. They require additional resources and time to correct errors or replace defective products. By optimizing processes and focusing on quality from the outset, this waste can be significantly reduced.
- Unnecessary operations
Unnecessary operations are those that add no value to the final product from the customer's point of view. They may be redundant processes, tasks that could be automated or eliminated, or processes that do not improve the product.
- Product transport
Excessive product transportation is another common form of waste. It leads to additional costs, increased risk of damage and production delays. Reducing these unnecessary movements improves efficiency and cuts costs.
- Unnecessary movements
Unnecessary movement of people and machines can also lead to waste. By optimizing the layout of the workshop or factory, these movements can be reduced and efficiency increased.
- Stocks
Excessive stock can tie up capital, take up space and increase the risk of out-of-date or obsolete products. Lean Management aims to reduce inventory to the minimum necessary to meet customer demand.
- Overproduction
Overproduction is another common form of waste. Producing more than you need means extra costs in terms of storage and management, and can even lead to losses if the products are not sold.
- Waiting
Waiting times, whether for employees waiting for work or for machines waiting for parts, are another type of waste. By optimizing workflows, we can reduce these waiting times and increase productivity.
- Under-utilization of skills and talents
Finally, the under-utilization of employees' skills and talents is a waste that is often overlooked. By valuing everyone's skills and making the most of them, companies can improve efficiency, innovation and job satisfaction.
By eliminating this waste, companies can cut costs, optimize production processes and improve the quality of the products and services they offer. What's more, this approach can also enhance customer satisfaction and strengthen the company's competitiveness in the marketplace.
Just-in-time management
Just-in-time (JIT) management is a fundamental principle of lean management. It aims to reduce inventories and improve efficiency by producing only what is needed, when it is needed.
Just-in-time / Pulled flowsThis principle implies that production is triggered by customer demand, rather than by forecasts. In other words, a product is only manufactured when an order is placed. This avoids overproduction and reduces the need to stock finished products.
In the context of just-in-time management, several key principles are highlighted:
- Eliminating turbulence:
Turbulence in the workflow can lead to delays, errors and inefficiencies. Lean management aims to identify and eliminate such turbulence, often through a process of continuous improvement (Kaizen). This may involve standardizing processes, eliminating bottlenecks, and optimizing plant or office layout.
- Inventory is enemy number one:
In lean management, inventories are often seen as a form of waste. They tie up capital, take up space, and can mask problems in the production process. By reducing inventories, companies can free up capital, improve efficiency, and make production problems more visible so that they can be solved.
- The notion of flow time:
Lead time is the total time required for a product to pass through the entire production process, from receipt of order to delivery of the finished product. By reducing lead time, companies can respond faster to customer orders and improve customer satisfaction.
- Value Stream Mapping (VSM):
VSM is a tool used in lean management to visualize the entire production process, from raw material to finished product. It enables managers to identify bottlenecks, sources of waste, and opportunities for improvement. By using VSM, companies can design more efficient processes that minimize waste and maximize customer value.
Visual management
Imagine a company where production is triggered not by forecasts, but by the real customer demand. Imagine if this same company had succeeded in eliminating the bottlenecksfree up capital and improve efficiency simply by reducing inventory. You see a company that has adopted one of the fundamental principles of Lean Management the just-in-time management or Just-in-time (JIT).
Visit JIT not only reduces waste, but also makes it easier for production problems more visible so they can be resolved. What's more, by optimizing flow timeThis means that the company can respond more quickly to customer orders, thus improving their profitability. satisfaction.
But how do you track and measure all these elements? That's where one of the key principles of the Lean Management the visual management.
Visit visual management is like the dashboard of your car, providing clear and precise information on the company performance. Visit Key Performance Indicators (KPI)carefully chosen to be consistent with the company's objectives, are the measurement tools of this dashboard. They are defined, calculated and monitored by the people directly concerned, thus guaranteeing their relevance and impact.
But the visual management doesn't stop at simply tracking performance. Every KPI is associated with corrective or improvement actions, acting like a GPS guiding the company towards its objectives. And this information is not hidden away in a report or spreadsheet. It's displayed visibly, by department, workstation or machine, or workgroup, creating a clear, unmistakable picture. transparency that promotes communication and informed decision-making.
The wheel of improvement
One of the strengths of Lean Management lies in its constant drive for improvement. This is why principles such as PDCA, DMAIC and Kaizen were born. They are the building blocks of what we call the "wheel of improvement".
- PDCA (Plan-Do-Check-Act)
PDCA, also known as the Deming Cycle, is a four-step iterative method designed to manage and continuously improve processes and products.
Plan This phase consists of identifying an objective or problem and devising an action plan to solve it.
Do : Here, the plan is implemented, often on a small scale, to test its effectiveness.
Check This stage involves an evaluation of the results. If the plan has been successful, it moves on to the next phase. If not, gaps need to be identified and the plan adjusted.
Act The modified plan is rolled out on a large scale. The cycle then begins again, as Lean Management aims for continuous improvement.
- DMAIC (Define-Measure-Analyze-Improve-Control)
DMAIC is a systematic methodology for process improvement, often used in the context of Six Sigma.
Define Define the problem, the customer's requirements and the project's objectives.
Measure Measure current process performance.
Analyze Analyze the data to identify the root cause of the problem.
Improve Improve the process by eliminating the main causes of the problem.
Control Control the process to ensure that improvements are maintained and that the problem does not recur.
- Kaizen
Kaizen is a Japanese philosophy that advocates continuous improvement. It is about instilling a culture where all employees are actively involved in improving processes. Kaizen encourages small, continuous improvements, as they are easier to implement and less likely to encounter resistance.
The wheel of improvement symbolizes Lean Management's desire and constant effort to improve efficiency and quality. PDCA, DMAIC and Kaizen are essential tools for achieving this goal. By using them, organizations can identify areas requiring improvement, implement changes, evaluate their effectiveness and, if necessary, make further adjustments, thus creating a cycle of continuous improvement.
A Paradigm Shift: Placing People at the Heart of Change
A wind of change is blowing through the industrial world, transforming traditional management and production methods. This paradigm shift places people, with their creative potential and adaptability, at the heart of the process.
- The Old Paradigm: Constraint-Driven Production
In the old model, business constraints dictated production. It was pushed, often forcing surpluses and creating a need for inventories to act as shock absorbers. Performance indicators were used retroactively, to control production after the fact rather than to guide the process in real time.
Display, in this context, had a more aesthetic than operational function. Improvement was often relegated to the background, production being the priority. Innovative ideas were expected from the bosses, and the solutions were usually big, radical changes.
- The New Paradigm: Principles Evolve Constraints
Today, a new paradigm is emerging. The company's guiding principles are changing constraints, enabling production to be pulled forward, more in line with actual demand. Inventories, seen as an enemy, are reduced to a minimum.
Performance indicators are calculated in real time, providing a valuable tool for continuous production control. The display becomes an operational tool for operators, giving them a clear view of production.
In this new paradigm, improvement is not an afterthought, but an essential and infinite necessity. Ideas come not just from the top, but from every member of the team. The solution is no longer big changes, but continuous improvement, embodied by the Kaizen principle.
- People at the Heart of Change
At the heart of this paradigm shift is the human element. Employees are no longer mere executors, but essential players in the production process. Their ideas, creativity and commitment are valued and encouraged. They are the driving force behind continuous improvement, helping to change constraints and steer production.
This paradigm shift, which puts people at the heart of the process, is a revolution in the industrial world. It offers unprecedented opportunities for improvement and growth, by harnessing the creative and innovative potential of every team member. It represents a major turning point in the way we think about production and business management, paving the way for a new era of efficiency and creativity.